# Citation Formats Quick Reference

## APA 7 (American Psychological Association)

Default format for social sciences, business, and product research.

### Journal Article
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of article. *Title of Periodical*, *volume*(issue), page–page. https://doi.org/xxxxx

**Example:**
Smith, J., & Jones, K. (2023). Agile adoption in enterprise organizations. *Journal of Product Management*, *15*(2), 45–62. https://doi.org/10.1234/jpm.2023.001

### Book
Author, A. A. (Year). *Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle*. Publisher.

**Example:**
Cagan, M. (2018). *Inspired: How to create tech products customers love*. Wiley.

### Web Page
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). *Title of page*. Site Name. URL

**Example:**
Torres, T. (2024, January 15). *Continuous discovery in practice*. Product Talk. https://www.producttalk.org/discovery

### In-Text Citation
- Parenthetical: (Smith & Jones, 2023)
- Narrative: Smith and Jones (2023) found that...
- 3+ authors: (Patel et al., 2022)

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## IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

Standard for engineering, computer science, and technical research.

### Format
[N] A. Author, "Title of article," *Journal*, vol. X, no. Y, pp. Z–Z, Month Year, doi: 10.xxxx.

### Journal Article
[1] J. Smith and K. Jones, "Agile adoption in enterprise organizations," *J. Prod. Mgmt.*, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 45–62, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.1234/jpm.2023.001.

### Conference Paper
[2] A. Patel, B. Chen, and C. Kumar, "Cross-functional team performance metrics," in *Proc. Int. Conf. Software Eng.*, 2022, pp. 112–119.

### Book
[3] M. Cagan, *Inspired: How to Create Tech Products Customers Love*. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley, 2018.

### In-Text Citation
As shown in [1], agile adoption has increased...
Multiple: [1], [3], [5]–[7]

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## Chicago (Notes-Bibliography)

Standard for humanities, history, and some business writing.

### Footnote Format
1. First Name Last Name, *Title of Book* (Place: Publisher, Year), page.
2. First Name Last Name, "Title of Article," *Journal* Volume, no. Issue (Year): pages.

### Bibliography Entry
Last Name, First Name. *Title of Book*. Place: Publisher, Year.
Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." *Journal* Volume, no. Issue (Year): pages.

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## Harvard

Common in UK and Australian academic writing.

### Format
Author, A.A. (Year) *Title of book*. Edition. Place: Publisher.
Author, A.A. (Year) 'Title of article', *Journal*, Volume(Issue), pp. X–Y.

### In-Text Citation
(Smith and Jones, 2023)
Smith and Jones (2023) argue that...

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## MLA 9 (Modern Language Association)

Standard for arts and humanities.

### Format
Last, First. *Title of Book*. Publisher, Year.
Last, First. "Title of Article." *Journal*, vol. X, no. Y, Year, pp. Z–Z.

### In-Text Citation
(Smith and Jones 45)
Smith and Jones argue that "direct quote" (45).

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## Quick Decision Guide

| Field / Context | Recommended Format |
|----------------|-------------------|
| Social sciences, business, psychology | APA 7 |
| Engineering, computer science, technical | IEEE |
| Humanities, history, arts | Chicago or MLA |
| UK/Australian academic | Harvard |
| Internal business reports | APA 7 (most widely recognized) |
| Product research briefs | APA 7 |